Date of Award

4-2021

Document Type

Dissertation

Degree Name

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Department

Integrative Agriculture

First Advisor

Mohammed Abdul Mohsen Salem Alyafei

Second Advisor

Shyam S. Kurup

Abstract

In the recent past, the production of wastewater from domestic and industrial sources has been steadily increasing through the population, urbanization, industrial revolution and economic development. In the world, 80% of wastewater consists of several harmful substances and hazardous chemicals that cause many deadly effects to human beings as well as ecosystems. So, the elimination of this toxic substance before discarding into landfills is utilized as an alternative source of water which is an emerging need. Using the treated wastewater for agricultural purposes is an excellent approach for rendering wastewater beneficial. As the quantity of wastewater grows, there is a necessity to redistribute the water in a beneficial way. The treated wastewater plays an enormous role, and it was used for many developing and developed countries due to its ability to eliminate toxins. Based on this hypothesis, this study was focused on designing experiments using treated wastewater resources from Abu Dhabi and Al Ain treatment plants. Three different experiments employed for this study include the hydroponic system, field experiment and open top chamber method. The crop selected for the experiments is Wheat, due to its global demand and dietary value. There are two lines of wheat seeds were used. One advanced line was derived from 33rd Elite Spring Wheat Yield Trial (ESWYT) and the other line was derived from the 20th Semi-Arid Wheat Yield Trial (SAWYT). The treated wastewater and soil analysis were studied before and after the cultivation, detailing the physiochemical parameters (pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), total nitrogen, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), trace elements and heavy metals, etc. The outcome of the study was measured by several agronomical related yield parameters including crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, number of spikes, spike length, number of grains per head, grain yield, kernel weight, chlorophyll content, and the content of beneficial elements and heavy metal accumulation before and after treatment. The overall findings of the study suggested that the growth and yield parameters were improved as a result of irrigation with treated wastewater in the open field experiment. Whereas the hydroponic experiment showed a promising result when using treated wastewater in the growth solution. In the open top chamber (OTC) experiment, the information of the morphological traits, coupled with the physiological and biochemical attributes were assessed to understand the plant response mechanisms to the interaction of UV-B and CO2. Furthermore, the OTC findings revealed that high CO2 concentrations alone increased growth parameters, whereas the UV-B treatment had a significant impact on crop growth when compared to the control. The favorable physiochemical nature, an adequate amount of elements, and other physiological factors influenced the growth and yield of the wheat plant. Among the two different sources of treated wastewater, the wheat plants grown in treated wastewater sourced from Al Ain produced a higher yield due to its physicochemical composition.

Arabic Abstract

ظﻞ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﯾﺘﺰاﯾﺪ ﺑﺎطﺮاد ﻣﻊ زﯾﺎدة ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺴﻜﺎن واﻟﺘﺤﻀﺮ واﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻄﻮرات اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ. ﻓﻌﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻌﯿﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ، ﯾﺘﺪﻓﻖ 80% ﻣﻦ ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﯿﺌﻲ دون ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﮫ أو إﻋﺎدة اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ؛ وھﻮ ﯾﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪة ﻣﻮاد ﺿﺎرة وﻣﻮاد ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺧﻄﺮة ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﯿﺌﻲ. ﻟﺬا ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﯿﺌﻲ أﻣﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﯾﺔ اﻷھﻤﯿﺔ. ﻛﻤﺎ وأن اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻛﻤﺼﺪر ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﯿﺎه ھﻮ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﺔ وﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼً ﻣﻦ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه. وﯾﻌﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻏﺮاض اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ ھﻲ وﺳﯿﻠﺔ ﻣﻤﺘﺎزة ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺬه اﻟﻤﯿﺎه وﺗﺼﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ. وﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻟﺮي اﻟﻤﺰروﻋﺎت وﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻀﺎرة ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﺪة طﺮق. وﺑﻨﺎءً ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻔﺮﺿﯿﺔ، ﺗﻢ اﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﯿﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﺪة ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻏﺮاض اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ؛ وﻣﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺮي ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻘﯿﻂ، اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﺰراﻋﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ظﺮوف اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻲ. وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ زراﻋﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻤﺢ، ﺧﻂ ﻣﺘﻘﺪم ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻘﻤﺢ اﻟﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ (ESWYT) وﺧﻂ واﺣﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﺷﺒﮫ اﻟﻘﺎﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﺮﯾﻦ (SAWYT) واﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ أﺑﻮظﺒﻲ وﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﻦ. وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ اﺟﺮاء ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ (درﺟﺔ ﺣِﺴّﻲ، اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺔ (EC)، ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ (TDS)، إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ، ﻣﻌﺪل اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم (SAR)، اﻟﻜﺎﺗﯿﻮﻧﺎت، اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت، اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ واﻟﺨﻔﯿﻔﺔ، اﻟﺦ..). ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ اﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ وﺑﻌﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻛﻤﯿﺎه ﻟﻠﺮي. ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ وﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮل وﻣﻨﮭﺎ: ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ أﻟﯿﺎف اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺎﯾﺪة (NDF) وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ أﻟﯿﺎف اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻔﺎت اﻟﺤﻤﻀﯿﺔ (ADF) وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﺎم، وﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد وطﻮل اﻟﺴﻨﺎﺑﻞ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﺤﺒﻮب ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻨﺒﻠﺔ، وﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮل واﺣﺘﺴﺎب وزن اﻟﺤﺒﻮب وﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﻓﻲ اﻷوراق (اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻓﯿﻞ) وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ. ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ وﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ وﺑﻌﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻓﻲ ري ﻧﺒﺎت اﻟﻘﻤﺢ. ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻤﺖ دراﺳﺔ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻤﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ واﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻟﻔﺴﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ واﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﯿﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت وﻣﺪى اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺘﮭﺎ وﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد ﻏﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وﺗﻌﺮﯾﻀﮭﺎ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﯿﺔ. وﺗﺸﯿﺮ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻠﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﻧﻤﻮ وإﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﺤﺼﻮل اﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ. وﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ واﻋﺪة ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻀﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ. وأوﺿﺤﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺎرب ﻏﺮف اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻲ، وﺟﻮد ﻋﻼﻗﺔ طﺮدﯾﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وﻧﻤﻮ ﻧﺒﺎت اﻟﻘﻤﺢ، وأدى رﻓﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻧﺒﺎت اﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﯿﺔ. وﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻔﺴﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﻔﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻮ وزﯾﺎدة ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺎج. وﺧﺘﺎﻣﺎً ﻓﺈن أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻧﺒﺎت اﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﻦ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ.

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