Date of Award

5-2024

Document Type

Thesis

Degree Name

Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering (MSME)

Department

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

First Advisor

Mohamed Selim

Second Advisor

Mamdouh Ghannam

Abstract

This thesis comprehensively investigates the stability, rheological properties, and engine performance implications of Water in Jojoba Biodiesel (WJBD) emulsion. The research delves into multiple aspects, including the influence of diverse surfactants and water concentrations on emulsion stability. It also yields valuable insights into the development of stable water in jojoba biodiesel emulsions, specifically tailored for diesel engines. These insights contribute significantly to the body of knowledge of positioning emulsion fuels as viable alternative to traditional diesel fuels. The anticipated benefits include notable reductions in emissions, improvement in combustion efficiency, and lower production cost. Importantly, this study underscores the critical importance of considering emulsion stability, both during storage and engine operation, as it holds substantial implications for their overall performance and commercial viability. These emulsions, formulated from jojoba biodiesel synthesized via transesterification of jojoba oil extract, their stability was tested via several tests, including gravitational test, and microscopy test. Furthermore, the investigation extends to the rheological properties of WJBD emulsions, focusing on their flow behavior and viscoelastic properties across varying water concentrations, results displayed noteworthy stability and rheological characteristics, where some of the samples stayed stable over 48 hours. Stable emulsions were tested on running a single cylinder diesel engine to study their performance characteristics, exhaust emissions, noise, and vibration levels. Notably, the utilization of WJBD emulsions demonstrated a maximum reduction of BP by 13%, and in NOx emissions compared to biodiesel by a minimum of approximately 15% reduction, offering compelling insights into the potential of this emulsion compared to jojoba biodiesel.

Arabic Abstract


اﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل، وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺤﯿﻮي ﻟﺰﯾﺖ اﻟﺠﻮﺟﻮﺑا (WJBD)

ﺗﺘﻨﺎول ھﺬه اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ دراﺳﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺮﯾﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ (rheological characteristics)، وﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮات أداء اﻟﻤﺤﺮك ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ وﻗﻮد اﻟﺠﻮﺟﻮﺑﺎ اﻟﺤﯿﻮي (WJBD). ﯾﺘﻌﻤﻖ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة، ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮات اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺮاﻓﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻮﯾﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ وﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰات اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل. ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻘﺪم رؤى ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺣﻮل ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ زﯾﺖ اﻟﺠﻮﺟﻮﺑﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺤﯿﻮي، ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﺧﺼﯿﺼﺎ ﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺪﯾﺰل. ﺗﺴﮭﻢ ھﺬه اﻟﺮؤى ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﻮل ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد ﻛﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺪﯾﺰل اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪي. اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻼ ﻣلحوظاً ﻓﻲ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎدم. وﯾﺸﺪد ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﮭﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ أھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ، ﺳﻮاء اﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ أو ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺮك، ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺤﻤﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮات ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ أداﺋﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺎم وﺟﺪواھﺎ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ. ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ زﯾﺖ اﻟﺠﻮﺟﻮﺑﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﻮل زﯾﺖ اﻟﺠﻮﺟﻮﺑﺎ (transesterification) من ﺧﻼل ﻋﺪة اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات، ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ واﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﺠﮭﺮ. وﺗﻤﺘﺪ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أﯾﻀﺎً إﻟﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺮﯾﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ WJBD ﻣﺮﻛﺰة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﻲ وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ (viscoelastic properties) ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﺮاﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮة، ﺣﯿﺚ أظﮭﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ورﯾﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺔ. ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﻣﺤﺮك دﯾﺰل ذو أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ أداﺋﮭﺎ، اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎدم، ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء، واﻻھﺘﺰاز. وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ أظﮭﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ WJBD ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻼً واﺿﺤﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﯿﺪي ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﺣﻮل إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺎت ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺠﻮﺟﻮﺑﺎ الحيوي.

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