Date of Award

11-2017

Document Type

Thesis

Degree Name

Master of Science in Chemistry

Department

Chemistry

First Advisor

Yaser E. Greish

Second Advisor

Dr. Fathalla Hamed

Third Advisor

Kyriaki Polychronopolou

Abstract

Sorption is one of the most efficient techniques for the removal of heavy metal ions from waste water. It involves the use of solid materials, known as sorbents, which can be natural of synthetic in origin. Recently, synthetic nanomaterials of various compositions have been used as sorbents. Among these materials, calcium phosphate; also known as hydroxyapatite (HAp), and magnetite were previously investigated as potential sorbents. In the current study, commercial HAp, and magnetite nanoparticles as well as their physical and chemical mixtures were investigated as potential sorbents for the removal of Cd²⁺ ions from simulated wastewater. A comparison is made between the structure, morphology and properties of physically prepared HAp: magnetite and HAp chemically grown onto magnetite nanoparticles. A detailed characterization of all sorbents was carried out, both as prepared and after thermal treatment at various temperatures. A batch study was used to study the effect of different parameters on the efficiency of Cd²⁺ ion sorption. The effects of changing the solution pH, initial sorbent weight, initial sorbate concentration and contact time were studied. Moreover, the effect of thermal pretreatment of the sorbents at temperatures up to 600°C on their sorption capacities were evaluated. Results showed phase purity of both HAp and magnetite starting materials, while their physical and chemical mixtures were varied in composition and properties. Physically mixed HAp and magnetite (1:1) showed the partial conversion of magnetite to hematite when heated at 600°C, unlike pure magnetite which showed a complete conversion to hematite at the same temperature. In contrast, chemically prepared HAp-on magnetite (1:1 and 2:1) mixtures showed the formation of HAp layers onto the surfaces of the magnetite seeds. This was reflected on a maintained magnetization even after heating to 600°C due to the inhibited conversion of magnetite to hematite. The later chemical mixtures showed better sorption capacities than the physical mixture and pure magnetite, but close to pure HAp sorbents. The main mechanism of sorption is dominated by the ion exchange capability of HAp, and with the magnetite in the core, a magnetic-based HAp sorbent is highly believed to be effective for the removal of Cd²⁺ ions from aqueous media.

Arabic Abstract


دراﺳﺔ وﺗﻘﯾﯾم ﺣﺑﯾﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﺎﺟﻧﯾﺗﯾت اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻻزاﻟﺔ اﯾوﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﺎدن اﻟﺛﻘﯾﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻷوﺳﺎط اﻟﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ 

ﺗُﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص أﺣﺪَ أھﻢ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ، ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﺎدةٌ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺎﺻﺔ، وﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن طﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ أو ﺻﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺘﺮاﻛﯿﺐ. ﻓﻤﻦ ﺿﻤﻦِ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺮى اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻣﺆﺧﺮا ودراﺳﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ھﻲ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺄﺑﺎﺗﯿﺖ" ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﯿﺘﺎﯾﺖ )أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻷﺳﻮد).

ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ، ﺗﻢ دراﺳﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺄﺑﺎﺗﯿﺖ واﻟﻤﻐﻨﯿﺘﺎﯾﺖ وﺧﻠﯿﻄﯿﮭﻤﺎ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ (اﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻊ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺄﺑﺎﺗﯿﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺒﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻐﻨﯿﺘﺎﯾﺖ اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ) ﻓﻲ إزاﻟﺔِ ﻣﻌﺪنِ اﻟﻜﺎدﻣﯿﻮم ﻣﻦ ﻣﯿﺎه ﻟﻮﺛﺖ ﺑﮫِ. وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻄﯿﻦ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ واﻟﺘﺸﻜﯿﻞ واﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺِ وﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒِ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺎﺻﺔ ِﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﯿﺔ وﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ﺑﺪرﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻢّ دراﺳﺔُ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣُﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻤُﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻣﺘﺼﺎصِ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻜﺎدﻣﯿﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه. وھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ھﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮل واﻟﻮزن اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺎﺻﺔ واﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﯿﺘﻢ اﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﮭﺎ وطﻮل ﻣﺪة اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺎﺻﺔ واﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ. إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ، ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﮫ ﺣﺘﻰ 600°س ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺎﺻﺔ.

أظﮭﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻧﻘﺎوة اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ وھﻲ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺄﺑﺎﺗﯿﺖ واﻟﻤﻐﻨﯿﺘﺎﯾﺖ واﺧﺘﻼف ﺧﻠﯿﻄﯿﮭﻤﺎ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ واﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ. ﻓﻘﺪ أظﮭﺮ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻻ ﻟﻠﻤﻐﻨﯿﺘﺎﯾﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة 600 °س إﻟﻰ اﻟﮭﯿﻤﺎﺗﯿﺖ (أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ) ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼف اﻟﻤﻐﻨﯿﺘﺎﯾﺖ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﮭﯿﻤﺎﺗﯿﺖ ﻛﻠﯿﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ. وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﯿﺾ، أظﮭﺮ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ (1:1 و2:1 ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺄﺑﺎﺗﯿﺖ واﻟﻤﻐﻨﯿﺘﺎﯾﺖ) أن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺄﺑﺎﺗﯿﺖ ﻛﻮّن طﺒﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ذرﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﻐﻨﯿﺘﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﻠﻮﻟﺔ دون ﺗﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﯿﺘﺎﯾﺖ إﻟﻰ اﻟﮭﯿﻤﺎﺗﯿﺖ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ 600 °س. وھﺬا اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ أﺑﺪى أﻓﻀﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻜﺎدﻣﯿﻮم أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﻲ و اﻟﻤﻐﻨﯿﺘﺎﯾﺖ وﻗﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺄﺑﺎﺗﯿﺖ اﻟﻨﻘﻲ.

إن آﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺘﺒﺎدل اﻷﯾﻮﻧﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﺘﻠﻜﮭﺎ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺄﺑﺎﺗﯿﺖ وﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد اﻟﻤﻐﻨﯿﺘﺎﯾﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ، أﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺄﺑﺎﺗﯿﺖ ﻣﻐﻨﺎطﯿﺴﻲ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺟﺪا ﻹزاﻟﺔ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻜﺎدﻣﯿﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻷوﺳﺎط اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ.

Download

Included in

Chemistry Commons

COinS