Date of Award

11-2023

Document Type

Thesis

Degree Name

Master of Science in Petroleum Engineering (MSPE)

Department

Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

First Advisor

Abdulrazag Zekri

Abstract

Middle East petroleum industry is currently searching for the most suitable enhanced oil technique to improve the oil recovery from local oil reservoirs. The biggest challenge for the application of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in the Middle East is the harsh environment (high salinity and temperature). Surfactant (synthetic or natural) is one of the EOR major players considered for application in the Middle East. However, synthetic surfactants have several drawbacks, such as economically unattractive and environmental impacts. This study investigated the possible use of natural surfactant extracted from the leaves of three types of plants, namely Aloe Vera, Tetraena qatarensis, and Soapnut in a harsh carbonate reservoir environment. The efficiency of the extracted surfactants was assessed through various laboratory experiments, Including interfacial tension (IFT) measurement, contact angle measurement, emulsion tests, and core flooding experiments. The present study follows the static and dynamic experimental work of the combination of the selected three natural surfactants at different concentrations with formation brine (232,000 ppm), seawater (50,000 ppm), and low salinity water (5,000 ppm). Interfacial tension and contact angle measurements were measured to assess the effect of water salinity on interfacial activity and system wettability. Core flooding experiments of the optimum systems with the lowest IFT and salinity of (232,000 ppm) at high pressure and temperature (1,100 psia, 90°C) were also performed to evaluate the selected natural surfactant oil recovery under dynamic conditions. Experimental results show that the Soapnut surfactant solution (18%) and Aloe Vera (10%) made with formation brine reduced the IFT from 25 dyne/cm to 0.9 dyne/cm and 0.5 dyne/cm, respectively. The oil recovery factor by formation water, Aloe Vera surfactant-FW, and Soapnut surfactant-FW flooding were 15, 93, and 94.1%, respectively. Results indicate that the Soapnut natural surfactant at a relatively low concentration is capable of working effectively in a harsh environment and was able to remove almost all the oil in place.

Arabic Abstract


ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﺎرة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎﻓﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺰز اﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﻗﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰاﻧﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت

ﯾﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺒﺘﺮوﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ ﻹﯾﺠﺎد أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت و اﻟﺤﻠﻮل ﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﺘﺮوﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺰاﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ. ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺗﺤﺪي وﻋﺎﺋﻖ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻦ ھﻮ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺣﺔ و اﻟﺤﺮارة. ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮات اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ و اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ دورا ﻛﺒﯿﺮا ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ و ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮات اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ دور ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮھﺎ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﻲ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي. ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت :ﺻﺒﺎر اﻷﻟﻮﻓﯿﺮا وﻋﺸﺒﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻣﺎﻣﯿﻼ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ اﻟﮭﺮم اﻟﻘﻄﺮي ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ ﻛﻤﺆﺛﺮات ﺳﻄﺤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺰاﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﺘﺮوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﻮﻓﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻗﺎﺳﯿﺔ. ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ واﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﻲ ﻟﺪﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎﻓﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎرة ﺑﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻠﺤﻲ (232,000 ﺟﺰء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻠﯿﻮن)، وﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ (50,000 ﺟﺰء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻠﯿﻮن)، وﻣﯿﺎه ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺣﺔ (5000 ﺟﺰء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻠﯿﻮن). ﺗﻢ ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ وﻗﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﻟﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻠﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺸﺎط اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﯿﻨﻲ وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﻠﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم. ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺠﺎرب اﻟﻐﻤﺮ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻮق 90 درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎر ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ظﻞ ظﺮوف دﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﯿﺔ. أظﮭﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ أن ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺒﺘﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻣﺎﻣﯿﻼ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ (18%) و أن ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺒﺎر اﻷﻟﻮﻓﯿﺮا (10%) و اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻠﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﻗﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻣﻦ 25 داﯾﻦ/ﺳﻢ إﻟﻰ 0.9 داﯾﻦ/ﺳﻢ و0.5 داﯾﻦ/ﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ. ﻛﺎن ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻨﺎت، ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺼﺒﺎر و اﻟﻘﻮﻣﺎﻣﯿﻼ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ، ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ 15، 93 و 94.1٪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ. إﻧﮫ ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻘﻮﻣﺎﻣﯿﻼ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﯿًﺎ ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﯿﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﻗﺎﺳﯿﺔ وﻗﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻗﺎدرً ا ﻋﻠﻰ إزاﻟﺔ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﺨﺎم اﻟﻤﻘﺪر وﺟﻮده ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت.

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