Date of Award

11-2022

Document Type

Thesis

Degree Name

Master of Science in Water Resources

Department

Civil and Environmental Engineering

First Advisor

Prof. Munjed Maraqa

Second Advisor

Prof. Amr El-Dieb

Abstract

Domestic wastewater treatment plants in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) produce 122 thousand tons of dried sludge annually. About 70% of this sludge is dumped in landfills, creating water and soil contamination. Sludge is an energy-rich organic material that could be converted into activated carbon by thermal or chemical processes. Potassium hydroxide has shown great potential as an activating agent for producing high-quality sludge based activated carbon (SBAC). However, its use adds to the cost of the production process. Thus, there is a need for an alternative activating agent that is not costly. One possible chemical is carbide lime which is a by-product of acetylene production. The UAE produces about 4500 metric tons of waste carbide lime annually that ends up in landfills. Thus, this study aimed to assess the potential use of waste carbide lime for producing SBAC. The study also aimed at comparing the physiochemical and sorptive properties of SBAC produced with carbide lime and those produced using KOH.

The study investigated the effect of activation temperature, activation time, impregnation ratio, and activating agent on porosity, surface area, surface chemistry, morphology, and sorption behavior. The results indicate that SBACs have a porous surface with irregular channels. The surface chemistry is also rich in polar and charged functional groups and cationic minerals which facilitate adsorption. Furthermore, comparison was made between the sorption behavior of produced SBACs towards methylene blue and that of commercial activated carbon. Results indicated that carbide lime is a viable alternative to KOH for SBAC production. Carbide lime produced the best sorbent for methylene blue for SBAC prepared at an activation temperature of 700oC with a 1:1 impregnation ratio when activated for 60 min and post-treated with 5M HCl. Sorption studies for methylene blue removal showed that SBAC produced with carbide lime has a capacity of 255 mg/g. Rate studies showed that sorption of methylene blue could be adequately described by pseudo first order and pseudo second order rate models, indicating occurrence of chemosorption as well as physisorption. Equilibrium sorption of methylene blue on SBAC material is nonlinear and generally follows the Langmuir and Sips models. The maximum sorption capacity of SBAC generated with carbide lime is comparable to SBAC produced using KOH and comparable to commercial-activated carbon.

Results of this study indicate that carbide lime could be a suitable replacement for KOH as an activating agent, and the produced SBAC can effectively be used to remove dyes from the waste stream. These findings could help in the waste management of sludge and carbide lime for treatment of contaminated wastewater. Future work could investigate the optimum conditions for production of SBAC using carbide lime and for methods of SBAC regeneration. Additional studies could investigate the use of SBAC activated with carbide lime for removal of emerging organic contaminants as well as inorganic contaminants

Arabic Abstract

ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ دوﻟﺔ اﻹﻣﺎرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة 122 أﻟﻒ طﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﺄة اﻟﻤﺠﻔﻔﺔ ﺳﻨﻮﯾًﺎ. ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ 70٪ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﻤﺄة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺒﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﺎﯾﺎت، ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﯿﺎه واﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ. اﻟﺤﻤﺄة ھﻲ ﻣﺎدة ﻋﻀﻮﯾﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻛﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﻨﺸﻂ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ أو اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ. أظﮭﺮ ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﺸﻂ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺄة. وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ، ﻓﺈن اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﯾﻀﯿﻒ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج. ﻟﺬا ﻓﺎن ھﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻨﺸﯿﻂ ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻜﻠﻒ. إﺣﺪى اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ھﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﯿﺪ اﻟﺠﯿﺮ وھﻮ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺛﺎﻧﻮي ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻏﺎز اﻷﺳﯿﺘﯿﻠﯿﻦ. ﺗﻨﺘﺞ اﻹﻣﺎرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ 4500 طﻦ ﻣﺘﺮي ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﯾﺎت ﻛﺮﺑﯿﺪ اﻟﺠﯿﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﯾاً واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺒﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﺎﯾﺎت. وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓإن اﻟﮭﺪف ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ھو ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﯾﺎت ﻛﺮﺑﯿﺪ اﻟﺠﯿﺮ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺄة. وﺗﮭﺪف اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أﯾﻀﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﻮﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﺨﻮاص اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺄة اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﺮﺑﯿﺪ اﻟﺠﯿﺮ وھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم.

ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﻨﺸﯿﻂ، ووﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﻨﺸﯿﻂ، وﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ، وﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﯿﺔ، واﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ، واﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ، وﺗﺸﻜﯿﻞ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ، وﺳﻠﻮك اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص. ﺗﺸﯿﺮ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺄه ﻟﮫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻨﻮات ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ. ﻛﻤﺎ أن ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎء اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻏﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﻜﺎﺗﯿﻮﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﮭﻞ اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص. ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ، ﺗﻢ إﺟﺮاء ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص ﻟـﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺄه ﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻤﯿﺜﯿﻠﯿﻦ اﻷزرق وﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري. أﺷﺎرت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ إﻟﻰ أن ﻛﺮﺑﯿﺪ اﻟﺠﯿﺮ ھﻮ ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺄة. أﻧﺘﺞ ﻛﺮﺑﯿﺪ اﻟﺠﯿﺮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﯿﺜﯿﻠﯿﻦ اﻷزرق ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺄة اﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺗﻨﺸﯿﻂ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ 700 درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺰﯾﺞ 1:1 ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﺸﯿﻂ اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻟﻤﺪة 60 دﻗﯿﻘﺔ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﮫ ﻻﺣﻘاً ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺎﻣﺾ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﻠﻮرﯾﻚ. أظﮭﺮت دراﺳﺎت اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻤﯿﺜﯿﻠﯿﻦ اﻷزرق أن اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺄة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺮﺑﯿﺪ اﻟﺠﯿﺮ ﻟﺪﯾﮫ ﻗﺪرة 255ﻣﻠﺠﻢ / ﺟﻢ. ﻛﻤﺎ أظﮭﺮت دراﺳﺎت ﻣﻌﺪل اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص أن اﻟﻤﯿﺜﯿﻠﯿﻦ اﻷزرق ﯾﻤﻜﻦ وﺻﻔﮫ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎفٍ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ وﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪوث ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ. وأظﮭﺮت دراﺳﺎت اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻤﺘﻮازن أن اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻤﯿﺜﯿﻠﯿﻦ اﻷزرق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺄة ﻏﯿﺮ ﺧﻄﻲ وﯾﺘﺒﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﻣاً ﻧﻤﺎذج ﻻﻧﺠﻤﯿﺮ (Langmuir) وﺳﯿﺒﺲ (Sips). أن ﺳﻌﺔ اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻘﺼﻮى ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺄة ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﺮﺑﯿﺪ اﻟﺠﯿﺮ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺴﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺄة ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم وﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري.

ﺗﺸﯿﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ إﻟﻰ أن ﻛﺮﺑﯿﺪ اﻟﺠﯿﺮ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﺑﺪﯾلاً ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒًﺎ ﻟـﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻨﺸﯿط وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺄة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻹزاﻟﺔ اﻷﺻﺒﺎغ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﻌﺎدﻣﺔ. ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ إدارة ﻧﻔﺎﯾﺎت اﻟﺤﻤﺄة وﻛﺮﺑﯿﺪ اﻟﺠﯿﺮ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﻌﺎدﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺻﺒﺎغ. ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺴﻨﻘﺒﻼً ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺄة ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﺮﺑﯿﺪ اﻟﺠﯿﺮ وطﺮق إﻋﺎدة اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺄة. ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ دراﺳﺎت إﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺄة ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﺮﺑﯿﺪ اﻟﺠﯿﺮ ﻹزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى واﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﯾﺔ.

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